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CADM1/TSLC1:免疫球蛋白超家族黏附分子,一種新的TSG腫瘤抑制基因!

日期:2023-05-31 09:46:50


CADM1是一種免疫球蛋白超家族的細(xì)胞粘附分子,其在人體內(nèi)廣泛存在。除了存在于多種腫瘤細(xì)胞中,CADM1也存在于很多正常組織中,并發(fā)揮著多種功能。尤其值得注意的是,在多種腫瘤生長、浸潤和轉(zhuǎn)移過程中,CADM1具有腫瘤抑制的功能,被認(rèn)為是一種新的腫瘤抑制基因(Tumor Suppressor Gene,TSG),即通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡來抑制腫瘤生長。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在許多惡性腫瘤中,CADM1啟動子的甲基化導(dǎo)致其表達下調(diào)或缺失,從而引起癌細(xì)胞的廣泛浸潤和轉(zhuǎn)移。

此外,CADM1抑制細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移的作用可能與T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞免疫有關(guān),尤其是CD8+T細(xì)胞。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)為腫瘤治療提供了新思路。CADM1作為免疫球蛋白超家族的成員之一,可能成為腫瘤診斷指標(biāo)和探索新的腫瘤免疫治療的潛力靶點。


1. 免疫球蛋白超家族

免疫球蛋白超家族(Immunoglobulin superfamily,Ig SF)被認(rèn)為是細(xì)胞粘附分子(Cell Adhesion Molecules,CAMs)中,最多樣化的超家族,其成員包括主要組織相容性復(fù)合物 I 和 II 類分子、T 細(xì)胞受體復(fù)合物蛋白、病毒受體和細(xì)胞表面糖蛋白 [1-2]。免疫球蛋白超家族是黏附分子結(jié)構(gòu)中含有免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulin,Ig)樣結(jié)構(gòu)域的所有分子,一般不依賴于Ca2+ [3-4]。免疫球蛋白超家族黏附分子廣泛表達于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、上皮細(xì)胞、白細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。許多Ig SF成員已被確認(rèn)為癌癥進展的生物標(biāo)志物,例如:MCAM、L1CAM(CD171)、NCAM(CD56)、PECAM-1(CD31)、ALCAM(CD166)和ICAM-1(CD54)等,與黑色素瘤、膠質(zhì)瘤、乳腺、卵巢、子宮內(nèi)膜、前列腺和結(jié)腸癌等多種癌癥的轉(zhuǎn)移進展有關(guān) [5-6]


2. 什么是CADM1?

2.1 CADM1的結(jié)構(gòu)

細(xì)胞粘附分子 1(Cell adhesion molecule 1,CADM1),又稱Necl2、TSLC1、IGSF4、RA175和Syn CAM,是免疫球蛋白超家族細(xì)胞粘附分子。CADM1編碼的蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)包含胞外區(qū)、跨膜區(qū)和胞質(zhì)區(qū)。胞外區(qū)含422個氨基酸,通過二硫鍵形成3個免疫球蛋白C2型結(jié)構(gòu)域,跨膜區(qū)域為α螺旋疏水結(jié)構(gòu),胞內(nèi)區(qū)域含有46個氨基酸殘基。胞質(zhì)區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)與血型糖蛋白c類似,包含一個與跨膜相鄰的FERM蛋白結(jié)合基序和一個位于梭基末端的PDZ結(jié)合基序,能與相應(yīng)蛋白結(jié)合發(fā)揮其特殊功能(圖1[8-9]

CADM1的結(jié)構(gòu)

圖1. CADM1的結(jié)構(gòu) [9]

2.2 CADM1的表達和功能

CADM1表達于腦、睪丸、肺和各種上皮組織,通過其在相鄰細(xì)胞間的同質(zhì)傳遞相互作用,在上皮細(xì)胞粘附中發(fā)揮重要作用。CADM1與肌動蛋白-結(jié)合蛋白、4.1B/DAL-1、和支架蛋白、膜-相關(guān)胍酸激酶(包括MPP1、MPP2MPP3CASK和Pals2)的成員相結(jié)合,參與不同的生物學(xué)過程 [10-11]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CADM1是一種新的腫瘤抑制基因(TSG),具有抑制細(xì)胞過度增殖的作用。CADM1表達失活與腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的程度密切關(guān)系。因此,有望以CADM1作為靶點進一步開展針對腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的控制和治療方面的研究 [10-11]。


3. CADM1相關(guān)的作用機制

CADM1作為一種新近發(fā)現(xiàn)的抑癌基因,廣泛參與了細(xì)胞間黏附、細(xì)胞運動、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)以及免疫調(diào)節(jié)。盡管眾多學(xué)者對探討基因腫瘤抑制方面做了大量研究,但對于該基因在體內(nèi)的具體功能及其腫瘤抑制的分子機制尚不明確。

3.1 CADM1和啟動子甲基化

甲基化導(dǎo)致腫瘤抑制基因的失活被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生的早期機制之一。在肝癌、肺癌、腸癌、胃癌、前列腺癌、卵巢癌、宮頸癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌、鼻咽癌、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤、急性白血病中均證實了啟動子甲基化引起CADM1表達缺失與腫瘤發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。

在肝癌中,選取在細(xì)胞周期和生長中發(fā)揮重要作用的關(guān)鍵蛋白:P15、P16、P21、P27、Cyclin D1Cyclin D3、CDK4CDK6、phopho-Rb、RbE2F1,Western Blot實驗結(jié)果表明,過表達CADM1可上調(diào)細(xì)胞周期核心蛋白Rb的表達。Rb蛋白通過抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄因子E2F的活性,從而防止細(xì)胞進入S期,保持細(xì)胞在G0/G1期處于休眠狀態(tài),使細(xì)胞生長停滯,是一個非常重要的抑制腫瘤發(fā)生的因子。因此,CADM1可能通過Rb-E2F通路,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長 [12-13]。

在卵巢癌中,CADM1過表達會同時上調(diào)IFI44LC4BPA的表達,激活LXR/RXR通路,抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR。此外,CADM1過表達可抑制GF-1FXYD2基因的表達來抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路的上游激活。當(dāng)PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路被抑制時,下游APP、EDN1和Rapla下調(diào),而TGFBI上調(diào)。此外,ROS/JNK被激活,導(dǎo)致凋亡蛋白caspase-3caspase-8表達上調(diào),最終導(dǎo)致卵巢癌細(xì)胞凋亡。同時,TGFBI和ROS/JNK通路也可抑制卵巢癌的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移(圖2[14]

CADM1 抑制卵巢癌的潛在機制

圖2. CADM1 抑制卵巢癌的潛在機制 [14]

3.2 CADM1和腫瘤免疫逃逸

另有研究揭示,CADM1的抑瘤作用依賴于T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫監(jiān)測。活性的自然殺傷(NK)細(xì)胞和CD8+T細(xì)胞能通過細(xì)胞上表達的CRTAM受體識別CADM1。在體外,CRTAM-CADM1相互作用,可促使細(xì)胞發(fā)揮細(xì)胞毒性作用,同時促進CD8+T細(xì)胞分泌γ-干擾素。在體內(nèi),CRTAM-CADM1相互作用可促進NK細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的排斥作用,從而殺傷表達CADM1的腫瘤細(xì)胞(圖3[15]

當(dāng)表達CADM1的腫瘤細(xì)胞注射到裸鼠腹腔內(nèi)的早期階段,腫瘤細(xì)胞能夠有效的被NK細(xì)胞殺傷 [15]。因此推測,CADM1是一種腫瘤抗原分子,其表達丟失可能是腫瘤細(xì)胞逃避宿主免疫監(jiān)視的原因。

CRTAM-CADM1參與腫瘤免疫逃逸機制

圖3. CRTAM-CADM1參與腫瘤免疫逃逸機制 [15]


4. CADM1在癌癥中的作用

4.1 CADM1和肺癌

染色體片段11q23.2上的CADM1基因最初被鑒定為非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)中的抑癌基因,其抑癌活性在裸鼠中得到證實 [16]。此外,CADM1與人類表皮生長因子受體HER2和整合素α6β4形成復(fù)合物,介導(dǎo)抑制肺鱗狀細(xì)胞癌增殖和侵襲的作用,從而破壞信號傳導(dǎo)因子及轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子STAT3圖4[17]。在肺腺癌中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CADM1甲基化與吸煙因素相關(guān),推測吸煙可能是導(dǎo)致基因甲基化的一個原因,間接說明吸煙與肺癌的關(guān)系。進一步研究表明,CADM1通過細(xì)胞質(zhì)帶4.1和MAGu K蛋白相互作用抑制肺腺癌細(xì)胞增殖 [18]。

此外,通過重組病毒Ad sp-E1A(Δ24)-TSLC1(CADM1)插入雙調(diào)控Ad sp-E1A(Δ24)載體中,構(gòu)建了重組病毒Ad sp-E1A-TSLC 1(CADM1),Ad sp-E1A(Δ24)-TSLC1劑量依賴性地抑制肺癌細(xì)胞的活性。CADM1高表達,肺癌細(xì)胞凋亡率明顯升高,caspase-8、caspase-3和PARP活化增加。在裸鼠移植瘤模型中,瘤內(nèi)注射Ad·sp-E1A(Δ24)-TSLC 1(CADM1)可明顯抑制腫瘤體積,提高存活率 [19]

CADM1通過降低STAT3活性抑制鱗狀細(xì)胞癌

圖4. CADM1通過降低STAT3活性抑制鱗狀細(xì)胞癌 [17]

4.2 CADM1和大腸癌

在大腸癌中,研究提示CADM1可通過FERM結(jié)構(gòu)域直接與DAL-1/4.1B蛋白相互作用,共同發(fā)揮抑制腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的功能。在DAL-1/4.1B基因敲除小鼠的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)CADM1的分布并不受DAL-1/4.1B基因敲除的影響,而CADM1包含的FERM結(jié)合域的缺失會影響DAL-1/4.1B在細(xì)胞膜的表達 [20-22]。

CADM1和DAL-1/4.1B是構(gòu)成參與組織肌動蛋白細(xì)胞骨架級聯(lián)的要素,從而建立相鄰細(xì)胞的穩(wěn)定黏附。一旦CADM1失活就會使DAL-1/4.1B及MPP3表達減少,從而影響細(xì)胞膜和骨架的黏附和連接的穩(wěn)定,參與大腸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移。在結(jié)腸腺癌中,CADM1通過增加整合素α6β4相互作用來調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的穩(wěn)定性,從而減少腫瘤細(xì)胞的運動 [21-22]。

4.3 CADM1和宮頸癌

在宮頸癌中,CADM1啟動子在11個宮頸癌細(xì)胞株中有9個(82%)發(fā)生高甲基化,CADM1基因通過啟動子高度甲基化沉默是從高危型HPV、高風(fēng)險宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)病變發(fā)展到浸潤性宮頸癌過程中的一個常見現(xiàn)象 [23-24]

4.4 CADM1和其它癌癥

在肝癌中,CADM1啟動子區(qū)甲基化的肝癌患者術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率明顯高于啟動子區(qū)無甲基化患者 [25]。在卵巢癌中,CADM1通過抑制PI3K/Akt/m TOR的激活,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,并抑制卵巢癌細(xì)胞的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移 [26]。在T細(xì)胞白血病中,CADM1與Tiam1相互作用,促進人類T細(xì)胞白血病病毒I型轉(zhuǎn)化和成人T細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞侵襲周圍組織(圖5[27]。

在黑色素瘤中,CADM1過表達其抑制作用可能是由于MMP2MMP9表達受到抑制 [28]。在永生化腎細(xì)胞中,CADM1與受體酪氨酸激酶HER3結(jié)合,減少細(xì)胞增殖 [29-30]。在鱗狀上皮癌中,CADM1表達缺失的腫瘤患者預(yù)后比陽性表達患者差,使其成為調(diào)控鱗狀上皮癌進展的候選基因 [31]。

CADM1與Tiam1相互作用會促進人類T細(xì)胞白血病

圖5. CADM1與Tiam1相互作用會促進人類T細(xì)胞白血病 [27]


5. CADM1的臨床研究前景

CADM1作為一種新近發(fā)現(xiàn)的TSG抑癌基因,其缺失與啟動子甲基化關(guān)系密切,通過檢測啟動子甲基化,CADM1可作為腫瘤診斷、監(jiān)測預(yù)后的一種有效的生物標(biāo)記。此外,CADM1在腫瘤免疫監(jiān)視中起到重要的作用,其低表達或缺失與腫瘤免疫逃避密切相關(guān)。目前已有一些針對CADM1的藥物在開發(fā)或試驗中,如構(gòu)建重組病毒Ad sp-E1A(Δ24)-TSLC1(CADM1)可引起腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡和病毒顆粒在腫瘤組織中的傳播。CADM1作為一種潛在的腫瘤抑制基因,通過增強CADM1的功能,將在腫瘤臨床藥物應(yīng)用方面具有廣闊的前景。

為鼎力協(xié)助各藥企針對CADM1在腫瘤等疾病在臨床中的研究,CUSABIO推出CADM1活性蛋白產(chǎn)品(CSB-MP004425MO),助力您在CADM1機制方面的研究或其潛在臨床價值的探索(點擊查看CADM1系列產(chǎn)品:CADM1蛋白 ;CADM1抗體)。

CADM1蛋白:

Recombinant Mouse Cell adhesion molecule 1(Cadm1),partial (Active)

High Purity Validated by SDS-PAGE

The purity was greater than 98.6% as determined by SDS-PAGE. (Tris-Glycine gel) Discontinuous SDS-PAGE (reduced) with 5% enrichment gel and 15% separation gel.

Excellent Bioactivity Validated by Functional ELISA

Immobilized Mouse CADM1 at 2μg/mL can bind Mouse CRTAM (CSB-MP614820MO), the EC50 is 52.61-92.92 ng/mL.


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